![]() government granted exclusive use of all of the Black Hills, including Six Grandfathers, to the Sioux in perpetuity. In the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. In the latter half of the 19th century, expansion by the United States into the Black Hills led to the Sioux Wars. ![]() The Lakota called the mountain "Six Grandfathers" ( Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe), symbolizing ancestral deities personified as the six directions: north, south, east, west, above (sky), and below (earth). Mount Rushmore and the surrounding Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa) are considered sacred by Plains Indians such as the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota Sioux, who used the area for centuries as a place to pray and gather food, building materials, and medicine. History "Six Grandfathers" to "Mount Rushmore" This conflict continues, leading some critics of the monument to refer to it as a "Shrine of Hypocrisy". The Sioux have refused the money, which has grown with interest to over a billion dollars, and demand the return of the land. Sioux Nation of Indians that the taking of the Black Hills required just compensation, and awarded the tribe $102 million. The Sioux continue to demand return of the land, and in 1980 the US Supreme Court ruled in United States v. The sculpture at Mount Rushmore is built on land that was illegally taken from the Sioux Nation in the 1870s. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist, but lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941, and only Washington's sculpture includes any detail below chin level. After Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941, his son Lincoln took over as leader of the construction project. Construction began in 1927 and the presidents' faces were completed between 19. senator from South Dakota, sponsored the project and secured federal funding. Borglum believed that the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents. Robinson originally wanted the sculpture to feature American West heroes, such as Lewis and Clark, their expedition guide Sacagawea, Oglala Lakota chief Red Cloud, Buffalo Bill Cody, and Oglala Lakota chief Crazy Horse. ![]() The carving was the idea of Doane Robinson, a historian for the state of South Dakota. The sculptor chose Mount Rushmore in part because it faces southeast for maximum sun exposure. The mountain's elevation is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level. Mount Rushmore attracts more than two million visitors annually to the memorial park which covers 1,278 acres (2.00 sq mi 5.17 km 2). The sculpture features the 60-foot-tall (18 m) heads of four United States presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln, chosen to represent the nation's birth, growth, development and preservation, respectively. ![]() Sculptor Gutzon Borglum designed the sculpture, called Shrine of Democracy, and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore ( Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota, United States.
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